The army and people of the DPRK are no longer what they used to be in the past when they had to counter the U.S. nukes with rifles–Rodong Sinmun, August 17, 2015
February 16, 2013
Updated August 17, 2015
By Stephen Gowans
Is North Korea’s recent nuclear test, its third, to be welcomed, lamented or condemned? It depends on your perspective. If you believe that a people should be able to organize their affairs free from foreign domination and interference; that the United States and its client government in Seoul have denied Koreans in the south that right and seek to deny Koreans in the north the same right; and that the best chance that Koreans in the north have for preserving their sovereignty is to build nuclear weapons to deter a US military conquest, then the test is to be welcomed.
• Contrary to the febrile rhetoric of high US officials, the United States is not threatened by North Korea. North Korea’s nuclear weapons capability is a defensive threat alone. The DPRK’s leaders are not unaware that a first-strike nuclear attack would trigger an overwhelming US nuclear retaliatory strike, which, as then US president Bill Clinton once warned, “would mean the end of their country as we know it”. Since a North Korean first-strike would be suicidal (and this is not lost on the North Korean leadership), whether Pyongyang has or doesn’t have nuclear weapons makes little difference to US national security. What, then, would motivate Washington to offer genuine security guarantees? It can’t be argued that US national security considerations form the basis of the guarantees, since the threat to the United States of a nuclear-armed North Korea is about the same as a disarmed North Korea—approximately zero.
• How credible could any security guarantee be, in light of the reality that since 1945 Washington has invested significant blood and treasure in eliminating all expressions of communism and anti-imperialism on the Korean peninsula. The argument that the United States could issue genuine security guarantees would have to explain what had transpired to bring about a radical qualitative shift in US policy from attempting to eliminate communism in Korea to détente with it.
• Why is it incumbent on North Korea alone to disarm? Why not the United States too?
The conservative view, on which I shall not tarry, is simple. Anything North Korea does, except surrender, is blameworthy.
Finally, you might lament Pyongyang’s nuclear test for running counter to nuclear non-proliferation, invoking the fear that growth in the number of countries with nuclear weapons increases the risk of war. But this view crumbles under scrutiny. The elimination of weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) in Iraq didn’t reduce the chances of US military intervention in that country—it increased them. Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi’s voluntary elimination of his WMD didn’t prevent a NATO assault on Libya—it cleared the way for it. The disarming of countries that deny the US ruling class access to markets, natural resources, and investment opportunities, in order to use these for their own development, doesn’t reduce the risk of wars of conquest—it makes them all the more certain.
The radical view locates the cause of wars of conquest since the rise of capitalism in the drive for profits. This compulsion chases the goods, services and capital of corporate-dominated societies over the face of the globe to settle everywhere, nestle everywhere, and establish connections everywhere, irrespective of the wishes, interests, development needs and welfare of the natives. If territories aren’t voluntarily opened to capital penetration through trade and investment agreements, their doors are battered down by the Pentagon, the enforcer of last resort of a world economic order supporting, as its first commitment, the profit-making interests of the US ruling class.
Background
Because North Korea has long been vilified and condemned by the Western press as bellicose, provocative and unpredictable, it’s difficult to cut through the fog of vituperation that obscures any kind of dispassionate understanding of the country to grasp that the DPRK represents something praiseworthy: a tradition of struggle against oppression and foreign domination, rooted in the experience of a majority of Koreans dating back to the end of WWII and the period of Japanese colonial rule. This tradition found expression in the Korean People’s Republic, a national government, created by, for, and of Koreans, that was already in place when US troops landed at Inchon in September, 1945. The new government was comprised of leftists who had won the backing of the majority, partly because they had led the struggle against Japan’s colonial occupation, and partly because they promised relief from exploitation by landlords and capitalists. The USSR, which occupied the north of the country until 1948, worked with the KPR in its occupation zone, but the United States suppressed the KPR in the south, worked to exterminate leftist forces in its zone, and backed conservatives reviled by Koreans for their oppressions and collaboration with the Japanese. By 1948, the peninsula was divided between a northern government led by guerrillas and activists who fought to liberate Korea from Japanese rule, and a southern government led by a US-installed anti-communist backed by conservatives tainted by collaboration with colonial oppression. For the next 65 years, the essential character of the competing regimes has remained the same. Park Geun-hye, the incoming South Korean president is the daughter of a former president, Park Chung-hee, who came to power in a military coup in 1961. The elder Park had served in the Japanese Imperial Army. Kim Il Sung, grandfather of North Korea’s current leader, Kim Jong-eun, was an important guerrilla leader who, unlike the collaborator Park, fought, rather than served, the Japanese. The North represents the traditions of struggle against foreign domination, both political and economic, while the South represents the tradition of submission to and collaboration with a foreign hegemon. Significantly, there are no foreign troops stationed in North Korea, but are in South Korea. North Korean troops have never fought abroad, but South Korea’s have, odiously in Vietnam, in return for infusions of mercenary lucre from the Americans, and later in Iraq. As regards repression, South Korea’s authoritarianism on behalf of rightist causes is long and enduring, typified in the virulently anti-communist National Security Law, which metes out harsh punishment to anyone who so much as publicly utters a kind word about North Korea. The South Korean police state also blocks access to pro-North Korean websites, bans books, including volumes by Noam Chomsky and heterodox (though pro-capitalist) economist Ha Joon-chang, and imprisons anyone who travels to the North.
Pressure
Since the Korean War the United States and South Korea have maintained unceasing pressure on North Korea through subversion, espionage, propaganda, economic warfare and threats of nuclear attack and military invasion. Low-intensity warfare sets as its ultimate objective the collapse of the North Korean government. Unremitting military pressure forces Pyongyang to maintain punishingly high expenditures on defense (formalized in the country’s Songun, or “army first” policy). Massive defense expenditures divert critical resources from the civilian economy, retarding economic growth. At the same time, trade and financial sanctions heap further harm on the economy. Economic dislocations disrupt food supplies, make life harsh for many North Koreans, and breed discontent. Discontent in turn engenders political opposition, which is beaten back and contained by measures of repression and restriction of civic and political liberties. In response, Washington disingenuously deplores Pyongyang’s military expenditures at a time North Koreans “are starving”; denounces Pyongyang’s nuclear weapons program as a “provocation” (rather than a defense against US military threat); dishonestly attributes the country’s economic difficulties to allegedly inherent weaknesses in public ownership and central planning (rather than sanctions and financial strangulation); and chastises the DPRK for its repressive measures to check dissent (ultimately traceable to US pressures.) In other words, the regrettable features of North Korea that Washington highlights to demonize and discredit the DPRK are the consequences, not the causes, of US North Korea policy. To view US policy as a reaction to the DPRK’s nuclear weapons program, economic difficulties, and repressions is to get the causal direction wrong.
US foreign policy
US foreign policy aims to secure and defend access to foreign markets, natural resources and investment opportunities and deny communists and nationalists control because access might be blocked, limited or freighted with social welfare and domestic development considerations.
As a general rule, the American government’s attitude to governments in the Third World …depends very largely on the degree to which these governments favour American free enterprise in their countries or are likely to favour it in the future…In this perspective, the supreme evil is obviously the assumption of power by governments whose main purpose is precisely to abolish private ownership and private enterprise…Such governments are profoundly objectionable not only because their actions profoundly affect foreign-owned interests and enterprises or because they render future capitalist implantation impossible [but also] because the withdrawal of any country from the world system of capitalist enterprise is seen as constituting a weakening of that system and as providing encouragement to further dissidence and withdrawal. [1]
North Korea is one of the few countries left that commits “the supreme evil.” Allowed to develop in peace, unimpeded by military pressure and economic warfare, it might become an inspiration for other countries to follow. From the perspective of the US ruling class, the United States’ North Korea policy must have one overarching objective: the DPRK’s demise. Asked by The New York Times to explain the aim of US policy on North Korea, then US under secretary of state for arms control John Bolton “strode over to a bookshelf, pulled off a volume and slapped it on the table. It was called ‘The End of North Korea.'” “‘That,’ he said, ‘is our policy.'” [2]
On top of profit-making goals, and crippling North Korea economically, politically and socially to prevent its emergence as an inspiring example to other countries, Washington seeks to maintain access to its strategic position on a peninsula whose proximity to China and Russia provides a forward operating base from which to pressure these two significant obstacles to the United States’ complete domination of the globe.
Threats of nuclear war
According to declassified and other US government documents, some released on the 60th-anniversary of the Korean War, from “the 1950s’ Pentagon to today’s Obama administration, the United States has repeatedly pondered, planned and threatened the use of nuclear weapons against North Korea.” [3] These documents, along with the public statements of senior US officials, point to an ongoing pattern of US nuclear intimidation of the DPRK.
• The United States introduced nuclear weapons to the Korean peninsula as early as 1950. [4]
• During the Korean War, US president Harry Truman announced that the use of nuclear weapons was under active consideration; US Air Force bombers flew nuclear rehearsal runs over Pyongyang; and US commander General Douglas MacArthur planned to drop 30 to 50 atomic bombs across the northern neck of the Korean peninsula to block Chinese intervention. [5]
• In the late 1960s, nuclear-armed US warplanes were maintained on 15-minute alert to strike North Korea. [6]
• In 1975, US defense secretary James Schlesinger acknowledged for the first time that US nuclear weapons were deployed in South Korea. Addressing the North Koreans, he warned, “I do not think it would be wise to test (US) reactions.” [7]
• In February 1993, Lee Butler, head of the US Strategic Command, announced the United States was retargeting hydrogen bombs aimed at the old USSR on North Korea (and other targets.) One month later, North Korea withdrew from the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty. [8]
• On July 22, 1993, US president Bill Clinton said if North Korea developed and used nuclear weapons “we would quickly and overwhelmingly retaliate. It would mean the end of their country as we know it.” [9]
• In 1995, Colin Powell, who had served as chairman of the US joints chiefs of staff and would later serve as US secretary of state, warned the North Koreans that the United States had the means to turn their country into “a charcoal briquette.” [10]
• Following North Korea’s first nuclear test on October 9, 2006, US secretary of state Condoleezza Rice reminded North Korea that “the United States has the will and the capability to meet the full range—and I underscore full range of its deterrent and security commitments to Japan [emphasis added].” [11]
• In April 2010, US defense secretary Leon Panetta refused to rule out a US nuclear attack on North Korea, saying, “all options are on the table.” [12]
• On February 13, 2013, Panetta described North Korea as “a threat to the United States, to regional stability, and to global security.” He added: “Make no mistake. The US military will take all necessary steps to meet our security commitments to the Republic of Korea and to our regional allies [emphasis added].” [13]
As the North Koreans put it, “no nation in the world has been exposed to the nuclear threat so directly and for so long as the Koreans.”[14]
“For over half a century since early in the 1950s, the US has turned South Korea into the biggest nuclear arsenal in the Far East, gravely threatening the DPRK through ceaseless manoeuvres for a nuclear war. It has worked hard to deprive the DPRK of its sovereignty and its right to exist and develop….thereby doing tremendous damage to its socialist economic construction and the improvement of the standard of people’s living.” [15]
Economic warfare
The breadth and depth of US economic warfare against North Korea can be summed up in two sentences:
• North Korea is “the most sanctioned nation in the world” — George W. Bush. [16]
• …”there are few sanctions left to apply.” – The New York Times [17]
From the moment it imposed a total embargo on exports to North Korea three days after the Korean War began in June 1950, the United States has maintained an uninterrupted regimen of economic, financial, and diplomatic sanctions against North Korea. These include:
o Limits on the export of goods and services.
o Prohibition of most foreign aid and agricultural sales.
o A ban on Export-Import Bank funding.
o Denial of favourable trade terms.
o Prohibition of imports from North Korea.
o Blocking of any loan or funding through international financial institutions.
o Limits on export licensing of food and medicine for export to North Korea.
o A ban on government financing of food and medicine exports to North Korea.
o Prohibition on import and export transactions related to transportation.
o A ban on dual-use exports (i.e., civilian goods that could be adapted to military purposes.)
o Prohibition on certain commercial banking transactions. [18]
In recent years, US sanctions have been complemented by “efforts to freeze assets and cut off financial flows” [19] by blocking banks that deal with North Korean companies from access to the US banking system. The intended effect is to make North Korea a banking pariah that no bank in the world will touch. Former US president George W. Bush was “determined to squeeze North Korea with every financial sanction possible” until its economy collapsed. [20] The Obama administration has not departed from the Bush policies.
Washington has also acted to sharpen the bite of sanctions, pressing other countries to join its campaign of economic warfare against a country it faults for maintaining a Marxist-Leninist system and non-market economy. [21] This has included the sponsoring of a United Nations Security Council resolution compelling all nations to refrain for exporting dual-use items to North Korea (a repeat of the sanctions regime that led to the crumbling of Iraq’s healthcare system in the 1990s.) Washington has even gone so far as to pressure China (unsuccessfully) to cut off North Korea’s supply of oil. [22]
Drawing the appropriate lesson
On the day Baghdad fell to invading US forces, John Bolton warned Iran, Syria and North Korea to “draw the appropriate lesson from Iraq.” [23] There can be no doubt that Pyongyang drew a lesson, though not the one Bolton intended. The North Koreans did not conclude, as Bolton hoped, that peace and security could be achieved by relinquishing WMDs. Instead, the North Koreans couldn’t fail to grasp the real lesson of the US assault on Iraq. The United States had invaded Iraq only after Saddam Hussein had cleared the way by complying with US demands to destroy his weapons of mass destruction. Had he actually retained the weapons he was falsely accused of hiding and holding in reserve, the Americans would likely have never attacked.
Subsequent events in Libya have only reinforced the lesson. Muammar Gaddafi had developed his own WMD program to protect Libya from Western military intervention. But Gaddafi also faced an internal threat—Islamists, including jihadists linked to Al Qaeda, who sought to overthrow him to create an Islamist society in Libya. After 9/11, with the United States setting out to crush Al Qaeda, Gaddafi sought a rapprochement with the West, becoming an ally in the international battle against Al Qaeda, to more effectively deal with his own Islamist enemies at home. The price of being invited into the fold was to abandon his weapons of mass destruction. When Gaddafi agreed to this condition he made a fatal strategic blunder. An economic nationalist, Gaddafi irritated Western oil companies and investors by insisting on serving Libyan interests ahead of the oil companies’ profits and investors’ returns. Fed up with his nationalist obstructions, NATO teamed up with Gaddafi’s Islamist enemies to oust and kill the Libyan leader. Had he not surrendered his WMDs, Gaddafi would likely still be playing a lead role in Libya. “Who would have dared deal with Gaddafi or Saddam Hussein if they had a nuclear capability?” asks Major General Amir Eshel, chief of the Israeli army’s planning division. “No way.” [24]
Having unilaterally disarmed, Gaddafi was hailed in Western capitals, and world leaders hastened to Tripoli to sign commercial agreements with him. Among Gaddafi’s visitors was the South Korean minister of foreign affairs, and Ban Ki-moon, later to become the UN secretary general. Both men urged the “rehabilitated” Libyan leader to persuade the North Koreans to give up their nuclear weapons. [25] Whether Gaddafi acceded to the Koreans’ request is unclear, but if he did, his advice was wisely ignored. In the North Korean view, Gaddafi fell prey to a “bait and switch.” The lesson the DPRK drew from Libya was that the only guarantee of peace on the Korean peninsula is a powerful military, backed by nuclear weapons. [26]
This is neither an irrational view, nor one the West, for all its pieties about nuclear non-proliferation (for others), rejects for itself. Britain, for example, justifies its own nuclear weapons program with reference to the need “to deter and prevent nuclear blackmail and acts of aggression against our vital interests that cannot be countered by other means.” [27] If the UK requires nuclear weapons to deter and prevent nuclear blackmail and acts of aggression, then surely the North Koreans—long on the receiving end of these minatory pressures—do as well. Indeed, the case can be made that the North Koreans have a greater need for nuclear arms than the British do, for whom nuclear blackmail and acts of aggression are only hypotheticals.
General Kevin P. Chilton, head of the US Strategic Command from 2007 to 2011, told Washington Post columnist Walter Pincus in 2010 that, “Throughout the 65-year history of nuclear weapons, no nuclear power has been conquered or even put at risk of conquest.” [28] On the other hand, countries that comply with demands to abandon their WMDs soon find themselves conquered, by countries with nuclear weapons aplenty and no intention of giving them up. Pincus used Chilton’s words to advocate a pre-emptive strike on North Korea to prevent the country from developing a large enough nuclear arsenal to make itself invulnerable to conquest. That no nuclear power has been conquered or put at risk of conquest is “a thought others in government ought to ponder as they watch Iran and North Korea seek to develop nuclear capability,” Pincus wrote. [29]
Conclusion
Nuclear arms have political utility. For countries with formidable nuclear arsenals and the means of delivering warheads, nuclear weapons can be used to extort political concessions from non-nuclear-armed states through terror and intimidation. No country exploits the political utility of nuclear weapons as vigorously as the United States does. In pursuing its foreign policy goals, Washington threatened other countries with nuclear attack on 25 separate occasions between 1970 and 2010, and 14 occasions between 1990 and 2010. On six of these occasions, the United States threatened the DPRK. [30] There have been more US threats against North Korea since. (The United States’ record of issuing threats of nuclear attack against other countries over this period is: Iraq, 7; China, 4; the USSR, 4; Libya, 2; Iran, 1; Syria, 1. Significantly, all these countries, like the DPRK, were under communist or economically nationalist governance when the threats were made.)
Nuclear weapons also have political utility for countries menaced by nuclear and other military threats. They raise the stakes for countries seeking to use their militaries for conquest, and therefore reduce the chances of military intervention. There is little doubt that the US military intervention in Iraq and NATO intervention in Libya would not have been carried out had the targets not disarmed and cleared the way for outside forces to intervene with impunity.
A North Korean nuclear arsenal does not increase the chances of war—it reduces the likelihood that the United States and its South Korean marionette will attempt to bring down the communist government in Pyongyang by force. This is to be welcomed by anyone who opposes imperialist military interventions; supports the right of a people to organize its affairs free from foreign domination; and has an interest in the survival of one of the few top-to-bottom, actually-existing, alternatives to the global capitalist system of oppression, exploitation, and foreign domination.
1. Ralph Miliband, The State in Capitalist Society, Merlin Press, 2009, p. 62.
2. “Absent from the Korea Talks: Bush’s Hard-Liner,” The New York Times, September 2, 2003.
3. Charles J. Hanley and Randy Hershaft, “U.S. often weighed N. Korea nuke option”, The Associated Press, October 11, 2010.
4. Hanley and Hershaft.
5. Hanley and Hershaft.
6. Hanley and Hershaft.
7. Hanley and Hershaft.
8. Bruce Cumings, Korea’s Place in the Sun: A Modern History, W.W. Norton & Company, 2005. p. 488-489.
9. William E. Berry Jr., “North Korea’s nuclear program: The Clinton administration’s response,” INSS Occasional Paper 3, March 1995.
10. Bruce Cumings, “Latest North Korean provocations stem from missed US opportunities for demilitarization,” Democracy Now!, May 29, 2009.
11. Lou Dobbs Tonight, October 18, 2006.
12. Hanley and Hershaft.
13. Choe Sang-hun, “New leader in South criticizes North Korea,” The New York Times, February 13, 2013.
14. “Foreign ministry issues memorandum on N-issue,” Korean Central News Agency, April 21, 2010.
15. Korean Central News Agency, February 13, 2013.
16. U.S. News & World Report, June 26, 2008; The New York Times, July 6, 2008.
17. Neil MacFarquhar and Jane Perlez, “China looms over response to nuclear test by North Korea,” The New York Times, February 12, 2013.
18. Dianne E. Rennack, “North Korea: Economic sanctions”, Congressional Research Service, October 17, 2006. http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/crs/rl31696.pdf
19. Mark Landler, “Envoy to coordinate North Korea sanctions”, The New York Times, June 27, 2009.
20. The New York Times, September 13, 2006.
21. According to Rennack, the following US sanctions have been imposed on North Korea for reasons listed as either “communism”, “non-market economy” or “communism and market disruption”: prohibition on foreign aid; prohibition on Export-Import Bank funding; limits on the exports or goods and services; denial of favorable trade terms.
22. The Washington Post, June 24, 2005.
23. “U.S. Tells Iran, Syria, N. Korea ‘Learn from Iraq,” Reuters, April 9, 2003.
24. Ethan Bronner, “Israel sense bluffing in Iran’s threats of retaliation”, The New York Times, January 26, 2012.
25. Chosun Ilbo, February 14, 2005.
26. Mark McDonald, “North Korea suggests Libya should have kept nuclear program”, The New York Times, March 24, 2011.
A February 21, 2013 comment by Pyongyang’s official Korean Central News Agency (“Nuclear test part of DPRK’s substantial countermeasures to defend its sovereignty”) noted that,
“The tragic consequences in those countries which abandoned halfway their nuclear programs, yielding to the high-handed practices and pressure of the U.S. in recent years, clearly prove that the DPRK was very far-sighted and just when it made the option. They also teach the truth that the U.S. nuclear blackmail should be countered with substantial countermeasures, not with compromise or retreat.”
An article in the February 22, 2013 issue of Rodong Sinmun, the official newspaper of the Central Committee of North Korea’s ruling Workers Party (“Gone are the days of US nuclear blackmail”) observed that “Had it not been the nuclear deterrence of our own, the U.S. would have already launched a war on the peninsula as it had done in Iraq and Libya and plunged it into a sorry plight as the Balkan at the end of last century and Afghanistan early in this century.”
28. Quoted in Walter Pincus, “As missions are added, Stratcom commander keeps focus on deterrence,” The Washington Post, March 30, 2010.
29. Pincus.
30. Samuel Black, “The changing political utility of nuclear weapons: Nuclear threats from 1970 to 2010,” The Stimson Center, August 2010, http://www.stimson.org/images/uploads/research-pdfs/Nuclear_Final.pdf
What's Left 
“Many of the benefits of socialism could be achieved through a guaranteed basic income…”
Talk about a rose-tinted view.
This is probably the most well-written piece on the topic that I’ve ever read. Thank you.
“bourgeois drivel?”
You guys are crazy. Nobody talks like that anymore outside of a communist country or a college classroom. I would surmise that anyone using that term, instead of actually learning about the real world, doesn’t know what they’re talking about.
@AR — My notions of the minds of the North Korean leadership is purely a product of a material analysis of such facts as I am able to discover, and has no moralistic component. I assume those who have power have it because they want to get it and keep it; moralistic considerations are secondary for them, if they exist at all, whether they are Koreans, Chinese, or Americans. So, from whom does the North Korean ruling class have the most to fear? A rising power that is next door, or a declining one whose center and substantial interests are far away?
Consider also that, if the Chinese leadership gets control of North Korea, they may be able to offer South Korea a deal whereby the country can be unified if South Korea kicks the U.S. out. A quasi-neutral unified Korea would be strategically preferable to the present situation from their point of view, and might seem very desirable to Koreans of all classes.
@ Anarcissie
As stated earlier, you not only claim to know that North Korean leaders worry about an invasion from China more than that from America and its allies like South Korea and Japan—even though NK state media like KCNA routinely called out this American axis as the essential threat.
You not only ignore the reality that it’s the America axis that is CURRENTLY threatening North Korea through war games, military maneuvers, economic sanctions, media propaganda, and regime change operations.
But most tellingly, you apparently don’t realize that, in terms of actual North Korean military preparations, they are primarily focused on repulsing an attack from America, South Korea, and Japan.
You also dismiss America’s so-called pivot to Asia as simply a “confession” that it can no longer control the Middle East. So America moves elsewhere trying to control the much larger East Asian region instead–even though it “probably no longer has the means” to do so?!? Your argument is nonsensical.
It should be obvious that this euphemistic US “pivot” is primarily targeted against China, as part of America’s broader ambitions for the region.
As documented by the links that I cited earlier, the USA’s threats against North Korea are a *pretext* for expanding America and its allies’ domination of Asia in general.
In fact, it’s amusing that, the more nervous (or paranoid) rhetoric about America’s supposed decline and China’s rise that you hear, the more aggressively America is penetrating into regions like the Middle East and East Asia.
In the Middle East, the “axis of resistance” (Iraq, Syria, Iran, Hisbollah) is under siege by America, with Iraq destroyed and Syria and Iran being subject to the USA’s dirty covert wars.
In East Asia, America has not only ramped up its war games, weapons sales, and “partnerships” with traditional allies from Japan to Australia, but it is also luring former enemies like Myanmar and Vietnam into its orbit. This is not mention other developments like the expansion of NATO and America’s missile “defense” system into Asia.
Ultimately, the USA is waging a global military blitzkrieg that has as its objective nothing less than American global hegemony and the subjugation of all resistance to a Unipolar world order dominated by the USA—or, what the Pentagon touts as American “Full Spectrum Dominance.”
You may be correct, but nuclear weapons are not omnipotent. And empires are very expensive. In the modern world, every nation-state that has established a serious empire — Great Britain, France, the Netherlands, Sweden, Germany, Japan, and so on — has come to ruin, sometimes merely financial ruin, but often enough physical and moral ruin. Even hegemony is ruinous, as the Germans are now finding out — not for the first time. And of course the U.S. is on the same path. Had it conquered the world it would now be much further down that path, assuming its citizenry could have been disciplined into paying the ever-increasing price thus far.
Times have changed. I read the ‘pivot to Asia’ as a confession that the U.S. can no longer control the MIddle East. It probably no longer has the means to control eastern Asia, either. Hence not long ago there was some ridiculous noise about building some sort of redoubt in Australia. This would indicate a loss of confidence in U.S. ability to preserve Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, and so on in the status of client states. The U.S. appears to be in decline; but another state, far closer to North Korea than the U.S., is rising quietly, as they themselves put it.
The North Korean ruling class worries about an invasion from China (!) more than that from the United States and its crime partners?
Your assertion is comical and conveniently minimizes focus away from the American threat–albeit, with an apparent “Anarchist” political slant.
It was America–not China–that bombed North Korea back to the Stone Age and genocided well over a million North Koreans during the Korean War. And it is America that wants to overthrow the North Korean government and impose a subservient US client regime, as the “Land of the Free” has done throughout the entire world.
Indeed, that is one motivation for America’s decades-long economic sanctions and military threats against North Korea. These America-driven sanctions on North Korea are similar to the America-driven sanctions on Iraq: a weapon of mass destruction designed to subvert targeted governments.
And like the Iraqi situation, the “North Korean nuclear issue” is an American propaganda pretext to advance an unrelated, and more sinister, US geopolitical agenda.
Thus, official North Korean government media like KCNA repeatedly casts America and its stooges as the primary threat. But apparently, you know more about the thinking of North Korean rulers than they themselves!
Even your characterization of the border conflicts involving China is equally disingenuous and reiterates American propaganda casting China as the instigator. For instance, China entered the Korean War only *after* America launched an invasion North Korea past the 38th Parallel towards the North Korean/Chinese border (and possibly into China itself).
Mao Ze Dong accurately saw America’s invasion as a precursor to a war on China itself.
And that is just as true today, as it was during the Korean War.
Ultimately, America’s threats against North Korea are a proxy attack on China (and Russia). America views the Korean peninsula as one strategic bridgehead to control Eurasia (i.e., China and Russia) and to advance America’s so-called pivot to Asia, which has China as its not-so-hidden target.
These are all fundamental issues that your “analysis” obscures.
“US/Japan Facing Threat from North Korea Armed with Nukes”: Another Sinister Strategy To Justify US Domination of Asia-Pacific
http://nsnbc.me/2012/08/19/usjapan-facing-threat-from-north-korea-armed-with-nukes-another-sinister-strategy-to-justify-us-domination-of-asia-pacific/
North Korea As Pretext: U.S. Builds Asian Military Alliance Against China And Russia
http://rickrozoff.wordpress.com/2010/12/03/north-korea-as-pretext-u-s-builds-asian-military-alliance-against-china-and-russia/
Second Korean War Is Unavoidable: DPRK FM Spokesman
http://www.kcna.co.jp/item/2013/201303/news07/20130307-17ee.html
Kronstadt, perhaps instead of repeating bourgeois drivel about “totalitarianism” you should try and understand what actually goes on in the DPRK, what it represents, and how it finds itself in the difficult position it is currently in. Then your opinions might actually be worth reading.
And if you really are opposed to oppression in general and the threat of nuclear war in particular, try directing your ire at the USA, the nation that has caused more death, suffering and destruction than any other in history.
Nuclear weapons do not grant omnipotence.
Legalistically speaking — legitimation is a legalistic concept — the oppressive North Korean state apparatus has legitimate claim to sovereignty because of principles established by the Peace of Westphalia, under which states (usually, nation-states) are absolutely sovereign. In order to judge and adjudicate the sovereignty of states it would be necessary to have a soverign higher than they, but there is no such sovereign, or at least has not been in theory since 1648. Ruling classes of states have tended to observe this legalism because to transgress it would impugn their own right to rule absolutely. Part of the exceptional megalomania of the American ruling class is evident in its claim to have some sort of superior right over states it found unsatisfactory, such as Panama, Yugoslavia, Afghanistan, and Iraq; they are evidently convinced that no one will ever be able to apply the same principle to their state and to them.
@ Prole Center
The U.S. possessed nuclear weapons for a significant time prior to Soviet Union acquisition and translation of such into a viable second-strike capability; U.S. foreign policy, unsurprisingly, cannot be monocausally explained by an eccentric economic-imperial determinism of such unrelenting drive that it would induce world domination. That’s some messed up hyper-Marxist rubbish.
@ Stephen Gowans
I broadly agree third wave nuclear states (i.e. ‘rogue states’) are broadly a manufactured threat to discursively ground U.S. unipolarism, interventionism, and wild defence spending. Further, I agree that DPRK possesses nothing but benign self-preserving intentionality. I have two problems here however:
(1) Nuclear weapons gargantuantly dangerous technological systems which a cursory review of history will indicate are prone to misfire; it possesses both high complexity and minimal trigger time (by which I mean very short reaction times are a necessary part of nuclear weapon systems) – the two attributes conducive of technological accident. The case of North Korea, of which exhibits relative technological unsophistication and lacking IAEA controls and technical assistance, is hardly something to be appraised. We should oppose nuclear weapons indifferently as potential harbingers of world destruction.
(2) You state that nuclear weapons inhere utility by virtue of the fact that they “support the right of a people to organize its affairs free from foreign domination”. Two things; (i) the people of North Korea are manifestly unfree, in fact the converse is blatently true, it is an utterly reprehensible totalitarian state; (ii) as such, I fail to see why the oppressive North Korea state apparatus has legitimate claim to sovereignty.
Great article Stephen,as usual..I have always supported the right of the DPRK to defend herself as best she can.I also believe Iran has no choice other than to develop atomic bombs because violence and force are the only things finance capital understands on an international level aswell as at a local level with its police state and its oppressive and destructive political economy.I wish the DPRK every sucsess in her endeavours to build a strong independent nation and for her people to choose their own development course free from the interests of finance capital and the greedy bastards of the west..
It’s a good thing that the USSR developed nuclear weapons shortly after the U.S. – in the nick of time. Only the fear of Soviet retaliation is probably what kept the U.S. ruling class from conquering the entire world shortly after WW2.
It seems to me the power that North Korean ruling class is most likely to worry about is China, not the United States or South Korea. (This is assuming their rulers are more or less rational, and wish to retain their lives and powers, which seems reasonable and consistent with our perceptions.) The states which have the physical capability of attacking North Korea are the United States, South Korea, Russia, Japan, and China. Russia has nothing to gain, and an invasion would invite war with both China and the U.S. Japan and South Korea will surely not do anything as adventurous as attack even a non-nuclear North Korea without the approval of the United States. (cf. the Georgian adventure.) This leaves the U.S. and China. The U.S. ruling class might like to rub out North Korea on general principles, or not — it is useful as a whipping boy — but a U.S. invasion of North Korea without the unlikely prior agreement of China would surely lead to a serious and dangerous war, since the Chinese would not tolerate such a significant change in the strategic balance on their periphery, and the U.S. would gain very little by such a move, certainly nothing commensurate with the cost. Therefore, the U.S. can be counted out as a potential aggressor. On the other hand, were China to invade North Korea and remove the leadership there, it would probably be welcomed by South Korea and the U.S., especially if advance notice were given. The historical experience of Korea tells Koreans that neighboring states are quite willing to take over their country, and observation of recent Chinese conflicts with Vietnam, India, Tibet, and Russia, to say nothing of the Korean War with the U.S. and South Korea, demonstrate the willingness of China to go to war on its borders regardless of the supposed political coloration of its opponent. In the case of North Korea, the Chinese r.c. may well regard the North Korea as insufficiently subservient, a ‘loose cannon’. I have read as well that there are a large number of Koreans in Manchuria as economic refugees which the Chinese may wish to send back to North Korea, just as one of the motives of the Indian r.c. for invading East Pakistan was the large number of Bengali refugees who had moved into India from there. The North Korean r.c. would therefore be well advised to raise the cost of an invasion of their country to a point which the most likely invader will find prohibitive. The fact that it will also tend to dissuade less likely invaders is icing on the cake.
good work
Mr. Gowans, thank you so much the excellent analysis re North Korea and why it retains it nuclear weapons. It seems that most “progressive” political analysts and the libertarian James Corbett (who is excellent on many issues), CHOOSE not to understand why North Korea must keep its nuclear weapons and might even feel a need to set off a few tests just to let the imperialist world know they are still alive and not surrendering. Corbett talked about the aid packages to North Korea and says they did no good. He said we have to hope that China will put the pressure on North Korea. He made it appear that North Korea was not only blowing out underground nuclear weapons but all the great “opportunities” offered to it. What a sad joke. When Corbett is right he is very good, very impressive. But, when Corbett blunders, as in the case of this report on North Korea, he is actually dangerous–because listeners have become attuned to his often accurate analysis and honest anti-imperialism. I would love to see you, Mr. Gowans, debate Mr. Corbett on this issue of North Korea and its nuclear weapons. Go to http://www.corbettreport.com/north-korea-tests-nuclear-device-world-braces-for-reaction/ for Corbett’s 5 minute report on Russia Today (RT).
Your analysis re Iraq and Libya—esp. Libya—bowing to the imperialist wishes to rid themselves of any nuclear weapons is much needed. I felt as if a lot of me died inside when the great Gadhafi, who did so much for his people, and for Africa and who created the Great Man-Made River (considered an engineering feat and the eight wonder of the world) was captured, tortured, sodomized and murdered and when the whole nationalist Libya was destroyed by the US/NATO/UN support for the imperialist funded “rebels.” This truth and reality must be told over and over and over and NOW, before Syria is destroyed by the same forces that destroyed Libya AND before all of Africa is recolonized by the same forces.
I have been awaiting your analysis of the truth re North Korea and the lasted nuclear incident. I knew you would write this article, and I knew the article would be excellent. I was not disappointed!